<Biography>
Yun Sil Chang M.D., Ph.D
Professor,
Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center,
Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Professor, Chief
Department of Health Sciences and Technology,
Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology,
Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Director
Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
Director
Maternal and Child Intensive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
Director
Korean Neonatal Network
<Short summary >
Pf. Chang is currently serving as Director of NICU of Samsung Medical Center, Professor of
Pediatrics/Neonatology and Chief Professor of Department of Health Sciences and Technology in
Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology at Sungkyunkwan University
School of Medicine, Director of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Director of Maternal
and Child Intensive Care Center of Samsung Medical Center, Director of the Korean Neonatal
Network (in which 70 Korean NICUs are participating), former Editor-in-Chief of Neonatal
Medicine (Official journal of the Korean Society of Neonatology), Section Editor of Journal of
Korean Medical Science (Official journal of National Academy of Medicine of Korea), and
Editorial board of Neonatology (Switzerland).
Her research interest focuses on improving survival of extremely preterm infants at the verge of
viability and the translational bench to bedside stem cell research to treat neonatal intractable
diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, and hypoxic
ischemic encephalopathy. She has published over 280 papers including 166 in international peer
review journals and has invented over 30 patents.
She received many awards including Commendation of Prime Minister from Ministry of the
Interior and Safety and Commendation of Minister of Health and Welfare 2020 in Korea in honor of
her contributions to the field of health research including neonatology and stem cells and
regenerative medicine.<Short Bio>
1989 M.D., 1994 M.S., 1997 Ph.D.
Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
1989. Internship, 1990 Residency, & 1994 Fellowship of neonatology
Seoul National University Hospital Seoul, Korea
1995 Fellowship & 1997 Staff of Neonatology at Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
1997 Instructor, 1999 Assistant Professor, 2003 Associate Professor
Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul Korea
2004
Visiting Scholar for 1 year, Neonatal brain lab in UCSF, USA
2009-present Professor of Pediatrics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine,
Seoul Korea
2010-present Director of NICU, Samsung Medical Center
2012-present Professor, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology
Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
2009-2013
Chief of Committee for Data Collection and Statistics,
Korean Society of Neonatology
2013-2018 Secretary General, Executive Committee, Korean Neonatal Network (KNN)
2015-2018 Chief of Science Committee, Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, SMC
2017-2020 Chief of Planning Committee, Korean Society of Perinatology
2018-2019 Vice president of Seoul & Kyungin tributary of Korean Society of Neonatology
2019-present Director, Korean Neonatal Network(KNN)
2019-present Director, Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, SMC
2019-present Director, Maternal and Child Intensive Care Center, SMC
2021-present Chief Professor, Department of Health Sciences and Technology,
Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology,
Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
Research Interest
Bench to bed side translational research of neonatal intractable diseases
Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation
Neonatology
Neuroscience
Neonatal intensive care
Perinatology
Honors and Awards
2000 Sokcheon Research Award from Korean Society of Pediatrics
for an annual distinct published article
2001 Sokcheon Research Award from Korean Society of Pediatrics
for an annual distinct research proposal
2007 Nam Yang Research Award from Korean Society of Neonatology
for a distinct article among nationally published article
2011 Maeil Jinam Research Award from Korean Society of Neonatology
for a distinct article among internationally published article
2012 Nam Yang Research Award from Korean Society of Perinatology
for a distinct article among internationally published article
2014 Sokcheon Research Award from Korean Society of Pediatrics
for an annual distinct published article2014 Best Education Professor Award,
From Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine
2015 Nam Yang Research Award from Korean Society of Neonatology
for a distinct article among nationally published article
2019 Maeil Achievement Award from the Korean Society of Neonatology
2020 Commendation of Minister of Health and Welfare (Korea)
from Commendation for the Promotion Healthcare Technology
2020 Commendation of Prime Minister
from Ministry of the Interior and Safety (Korea)
Editorial activity
1995-1997 Editorial board, Journal of the Korean Society of Neonatology
1999-2001 Editorial board, Journal of the Korean Society of Neonatology
2004-2013 Editorial board, Journal of the Korean Society of Neonatology
(Neonatal medicine as changed name from 2013.2)
2004 Guest reviewer, Pediatric Research
2004-2018 Guest reviewer, Journal of Korean Medical Science
2008-2010 Editorial board, The Korean Journal of Perinatology
2010-2018 Peer reviewer, The Korean Journal of Perinatology
2010 Peer reviewer, Cell Transplantation
2012-2014 Editorial board, The Korean Journal of Perinatology
2013 Peer reviewer, Neonatology
2014 Peer reviewer, Cytotherapy
2013-2017 Editor in Chief, Neonatal Medicine
(Official J of the Korean Society of Neonatology)
2015-present Section Editor, Journal of Korean Medical Science (Korea)
2016-present Editorial Board, Neonatology (Switzerland)
2016-present Guest Reviewer, Pediatric Research (USA)
2018-present Editorial Board, Neonatal Medicine
(Official J of the Korean Society of Neonatology)
2019-present Guest Reviewer, Nature Research (USA)
2020-present Editorial Board, Pediatric Medicine (China)
Professional Affiliation
Korean Medical Association, Korea
The Korean pediatric Society, Korea
The Korean Society of Neonatology, Korea
The Korean Society of Perinatology, Korea
National Academy of Medicine of Korea, Korea
Society for Neuroscience, USA
Society for Pediatric Research, USA
International peer-reviewed journal publication: ca. 166 articles
<Publications in international peer reviewed journal (Recent 5 years)>
1. Kim HH, Sung SI, Yang MS, Han YS, Kim HS, Ahn SY, Jeon GW, Chang YS (Corresponding), Park WS. Early pulmonary hypertension is a risk factor for
bronchopulmonary dysplasia-associated late pulmonary hypertension in extremely preterm
infants. Scientific Reports 2021;11:11206
2. Ahn SY, Jie HS, Jung WB, Jeong JH, Ko SJ, Im GH, Park WS, Lee JH, Chang YS
(Corresponding), Chung SS. Stem cell restores thalamocortical plasticity to rescue cognitive
deficit in neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. Experimental Neurology 2021;342:113736
3. Ahn SY, Chang YS (Co-first), Lee MH, Sung SI, Lee BS, Kim KS, Kim AR, Park WS. Stem
cells for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: A randomized controlled phase II
trial. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021 E-pub
4. Park JH, Bae JG, Chang YS (Corresponding). Neonatal outcomes according to the latent
period from membrane rupture to delivery among extremely preterm infants exposed to
preterm premature rupture of membrane: A nationwide cohort study. J Korean Med Sci
2021;36(14):e93
5. Yang MS, Ahn SY, Jo HS, Sung SI, Chang YS (Corresponding), Park WS. Mortality and
morbidities according to time of birth in extremely low birth weight infants. J Korean Med
Sci 2021;36(13):e86
6. Ahn SY, Park WS, Sung SI, Chang YS (Corresponding). Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for
intractable neonatal disorders. Pediatrics and Neonatology 2021;62 Suppl 1:S16-S21
7. Ahn SY, Sung DK, Kim YE, Sung SI, Chang YS, Park WS. Brain-derived neurotropic factor
mediates neuroprotection of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles against
severe intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn rats. Stem Cells Translational Medicine
2021;10(3):374-384
8. Sung SI, Chang YS (Co-first), Ahn SY, Jo HS, Yang MS, Park WS. Conservative non
intervention approach for hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in extremely
preterm infants. Frontiers in Pediatrics 2020;8:605134
9. Lee SH, Sung SI, Park HJ, Chang YS, Park WS, Seo JM. Fish oil monotherapy for intestinal
failure-associated liver disease on SMOFlipid in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Clin Med
2020;9(11):E3393
10. Park JH, Hwang JH, Chang YS, Lee MH, Park WS. Survival rate dependent variations in
retinopathy of prematurity treatment rates in very low birth weight infants. Scientific Reports
2020;10:19401
11. Kim JK, Hwang JH, Lee MH, Chang YS, Park WS. Mortality rate-dependent variations in
antenatal corticosteroid-associated outcomes in very low birth weight infants with 23-34
weeks of gestation: A nationwide cohort study. Plos One 2020;15(10):e0240168
12. Hong JY, Hong JY, Choi YS, Kim YM, Sung JH, Choi SJ, Oh SY, Roh CR, Kim HS, Sung
SI, Ahn SY, Chang YS, Park WS. Author Correction: Antenatal magnesium sulfate treatment
and risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation.
Scientific Reports 2020;10:20209
13. Hong JY, Hong JY, Choi YS, Kim YM, Sung JH, Choi SJ, Oh SY, Roh CR, Kim HS, Sung
SI, Ahn SY, Chang YS, Park WS. Antenatal magnesium sulfate treatment and risk of
necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation. Scientific
Reports 2020;10:12826
14. Sung SI, Lee MH, Ahn SY, Chang YS, Park WS. Effect of nonintervention vs oral ibuprofen
in patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics
2020;174(8):755-763
15. Park KY, Park WS, Sung SI, Kim MS, Lee MH, Jeon GW, Kim SS, Chang YS
(Corresponding). Neonatal outcome comparisons between preterm infants with or without
early pulmonary hypertension following prolonged preterm premature rupture of membranes
before 25 gestational weeks in Korean Neonatal Network. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020
E-pub
16. Seo ES, Sung SI, Ahn SY, Chang YS, Park WS. Changes in serum creatinine levels and natural evolution of acute kidney injury with conservative management of hemodynamically
significant patent ductus arteriosus in extremely preterm infants at 23–26 weeks of gestation.
J Clin Med 2020;9(3):E699
17. Kim HH, Kim AR, Kim N, Ahn SY, Sung SI, Park WS, Lee C, Chang YS (Corresponding),
Park WY. A preterm infant with multiple anomalies diagnosed with atypical CHARGE
syndrome after a novel CDH7 variant confirmed using whole genome sequencing.
Neonatology 2020;117(3):374-379
18. Ahn SY, Chang YS (Co-first), Sung DK, Kim YE, Park WS. Developing a newborn rat model
of ventriculitis without concomitant bacteremia by intraventricular injection of K1 (-)
Escherichia coli. Pediatr Int 2020;62(3):347-356
19. Kim S, Kim YE, Hong S, Kim KT, Sung DK, Lee Y, Park WS, Chang YS (Corresponding),
Song MR. Reactive microglia and astrocytes in neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage model
are blocked by mesenchymal stem cells. Glia 2020;68:178-192
20. Sung SI, Lee NH, Kim HH, Kim HS, Han YS, Yang M, Ahn SY, Chang YS (Corresponding),
Park WS. The impact of surgical intervention on neurodevelopmental outcomes in very low
birth weight infants: a nationwide cohort study in korea. J Kor Med Sci 2019;34(43):e271
21. Kim YE, Park WS, Sung DK, Ahn SY, Chang YS (Corresponding). Antenatal betamethasone
enhanced the detrimental effects of postnatal dexamethasone on hyperoxic lung and brain
injuries in newborn rats. Plos one 2019;14(8):e0221847
22. Noh ES, Kim HH, Kim HS, Han YS, Yang M, Ahn SY, Sung SI, Chang YS, Park WS.
Continuous renal replacement therapy in preterm infants. Yonsei Med J 2019;60(10):984-991
23. Yoon SA, Chang YS (Co-first), Ahn SY, Sung SI, Park WS. Initial and delayed thyroid
stimulating hormone elevation in extremely low-birth-weight infants. BMC Pediatr
2019;19(1):347
24. Sung SI, Chang YS (Co-first), Choi JH, Ho Y, Kim JS, Ahn SY, Park WS. Increased risk of
refeeding syndrome-like hypophosphatemia with high initial amino acid intake in small-for
gestational-age, extremely-low-birth weight infants. Plos One 2019;14(8):e0221042
25. Lee SM, Lee MH, Chang YS (Corresponding). The clinical risk index for babies II for
prediction of time-dependent mortality and short-term morbidities in very low birth weight
infants. Neonatology. 2019;116(3):244-251
26. Sung DK, Sung SI, Ahn SY, Chang YS, Park WS. Thrombin preconditioning boosts
biogenesis of extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells and enriches their cargo
contents via protease-activated receptor-mediated signaling pathways. International Journal
of Molecular Sciences 2019;20(12):E2899
27. Kim YE, Sung SI, Chang YS, Ahn SY, Sung DK, Park WS. Thrombin preconditioning
enhances therapeutic efficacy of human wharton's jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells in
severe neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. International Journal of Molecular
Sciences 2019;20(10):E2477
28. Yoon SA, Chang YS (Co-first), Ahn SY, Sung SI, Park WS. Incidence and severity of transient
hypothyroxinaemia of prematurity associated with survival without composite morbidities in
extremely low birth weight infants. Scientific reports 2019;9:9628
29. Kim YE, Park WS, Ahn SY, Sung DK, Sung SI, Kim JH, Chang YS (Corresponding).
WKYMVm hexapeptide, a strong formyl peptide receptor 2 agonist, attenuates hyperoxia
induced lung injuries in newborn mice. Scientific reports 2019;9:6815
30. Oh SL, Jeon TY, Yoo SY, Sung SI, Kim HW, Chang YS, Park WS, Kim JH. Outcome and risk
factors associated with perirenal subcapsular fluid collections in extremely preterm infants
with acute kidney injury. European radiology 2019;29(7):3847-3853
31. Sung SI, Chang YS (Co-first), Kim JS, Choi JH, Ahn SY, Park WS. Natural evolution of
ductus arteriosus with noninterventional conservative management in extremely preterm
infants born at 23-28 weeks of gestation. Plos one 2019;14(2):e0212256
32. Lee JH, Noh OK, Chang YS (Corresponding), KNN. Neonatal outcomes of very low birth weight infants in Korean Neonatal Network from 2013 to 2016. J Kor Med Sci
2019;34(5):e40
33. Lee SM, Chang YS, Park WS, KNN. International Perspectives: Implementation of the
Korean Neonatal Network. NeoReviews 2019;20(4):e177-e188
34. Sung DK, Chang YS (Co-first), Sung SI, Ahn SY, Park WS. Thrombin preconditioning of
mesenchymal stem cells derived extracellular vesicles best accelerates cutaneous wound
healing by boosting their biogenesis and enriching cargo contents. Journal of Clinical
Medicine 2019;8(4):e533
35. Park JH, Chang YS (Co-first), Sung S, Park WS, KNN. Mortality rate-dependent variations
in the timing and causes of death in extremely preterm infants born at 23–24 weeks’ gestation.
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2019;20(7):630-637
36. Kim ST, Kim H, Kim HH, Lee NH, Han Y, Sung SI, Chang YS (Corresponding), Park WS. A
rare case of lethal form of prenatal onset of infantile cortical hyperostosis. Yonsei Med J
2019;60(5):484-486
37. Kim JK, Chang YS (Co-first), Sung SI, Park WS. Mortality rate-dependent variations in the
survival without major morbidities rate of extremely preterm infants. Scientific reports
2019;9:7371
38. Chae SY, Jang JH, Im GH, Jeong JH, Jung WB, Ko S, Jie H, Kim JH, Chang YS, Chung S,
Kim KS, Lee JH. Physical exercise enhances adult cortical plasticity in a neonatal rat model
of hypoxic-ischemic injury: Evidence from BOLD-fMRI and electrophysiological recordings.
Neuroimage 2019;188:335-346
39. Yun T, Ko HR, Ahn J, Jin EJ, Jo JM, Kwon IS, Cho SW, Chang YS, Park WS, Ahn JY.
B23/Nucleophosmin promotes reconstitution of synaptic path in hippocampus after injury.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2019;508(4):1082-1087
40. Park GY, Park WS, Yoo HS, Ahn SY, Sung SI, Kim SS, Chang YS (Corresponding). Short
term outcomes comparison between preterm infants with and without acute hypoxic
respiratory failure attributable to presumed pulmonary hypoplasia after prolonged preterm
premature rupture of membranes before 25 gestational weeks. Journal of Maternal-fetal &
Neonatal Medicine 2019;32(12):1938-1945
41. Ko HR, Ahn SY, Chang YS (Co-first), Hwang IW, Yun TW, Sung DK, Sung SI, Park WS,
Ahn JY. Human UCB-MSCs treatment upon intraventricular hemorrhage contributes to
attenuate hippocampal neuron loss and circuit damage through BDNF-CREB signaling. Stem
Cell Research & Therapy 2018;9:326-340
42. Kim YE, Park WS, Ahn SY, Sung DK, Chang YS (Corresponding). Intratracheal
trasplantation of mesenchymal stem cells attenuates hyperoxia-induced lung injury by down
regulating, but not direct inhibiting formyl peptide receptor 1 in the newborn mice. Plon One
2018;13(10):e0206311
43. Lee JH, Chang YS, Ahn SY, Sung SI, Park WS. Dexamethasone does not prevent
hydrocephalus after severe intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn rats. Plos one
2018;13(10):e0206306
44. Chang YS. Two year’s long-term outcomes of very low birth weight infants in korea. J Kor
Med Sci 2018;33(48):e294
45. Choi YJ, Kim YJ, Yong D, Byun JH, Kim TS, Chang YS, Choi MJ, Byeon SA, Won EJ, Kim
SH, Shin MG, Shin JH. Fluconazole-Resistant candida parapsilosis bloodstream isolates with
Y132F mutation in ERG11 Gene, South Korea. Emerging infectious diseases
2018;24(9):1768-1770
46. Costeloe K, Turner MA, Padula MA, Shah PS, Modi N, Soll R, Haumont D, Kusuda S, Göpel
W, Chang YS, Smith PB, Lui K, Davis JM, Hudson LD, International Neonatal Consortium.
Sharing data to accelerate medicine development and improve neonatal care: data standards
and harmonized definitions. J Pediatr 2018;203:437-441
47. Ahn SY, Chang YS (Co-first), Kim YE, Sung SI, Sung DK, Park WS. Mesenchymal stem cells transplantation attenuates brain injury and enhances bacterial clearance in Escherichia
coli meningitis in newborn rats. Pediatr Res 2018;84(5):778-785
48. Ahn SY, Chang YS (Co-first), Sung SI, Park WS. Mesenchymal stem cells for severe
intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants: Phase I dose-escalation clinical trial. Stem
Cells Translational Medicine 2018;7(12):847-856
49. Kim JK, Chang YS (Co-first), Sung S, Ahn SY, Park WS. Trends in the incidence and
associated factors of late-onset sepsis associated with improved survival in extremely preterm
infants born at 23-26 weeks' gestation: a retrospective study. BMC Pediatr 2018;18(1):172-
180
50. Ahn SY, Chang YS (Co-first), Sung DK, Sung SI, Park WS. Hypothermia broadens the
therapeutic time window of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for severe neonatal
hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Sci Rep 2018;8(1):7665-7674
51. Ahn SY, Park WS, Kim YE, Sung DK, Sung SI, Ahn SY, Chang YS (Corresponding). Vascular
endothelial growth factor mediates the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-derived
extracellular vesicles against neonatal hyperoxic lung injury. Exp Mol Med 2018;50(4):26-
37
52. Park JH, Chang YS (Co-first), Ahn SY, Sung SI, Park WS. Predicting mortality in extremely
low birth weight infants: Comparison between gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score,
CRIB II score, initial and lowest serum albumin levels. Plos One 2018;13(2):e0192232
53. Chang YS. Moving forward to improve safety and quality of neonatal intensive care in korea.
J Kor Med Sci 2018;33(9):e89
54. Sung SI, Ahn SY, Yoo HS, Chang YS (Corresponding), Park WS. The Youngest Survivor with
Gestational Age of 21⁵/₇ Weeks. J Kor Med Sci 2018;33(3):e22
55. Park WS, Ahn SY, Sung SI, Ahn JY, Chang YS (Corresponding). Strategies to enhance
paracrine potency of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells in intractable neonatal disorders.
Pediatr Res 2018;83(1-2):214-222
56. Jeong SY, Sung SI, Sung JH, Ahn SY, Kang ES, Chang YS, Park WS, Kim JH. MERS-CoV
Infection in a pregnant woman in korea. J Kor Med Sci 2017;32(10):1717-20
57. Kim JS, Shim JW, Lee JH, Chang YS (Corresponding). Comparison of follow-up courses
after discharge from neonatal intensive care unit between very low birth weight infants with
and without home oxygen. J Kor Med Sci 2017;32(8):1295-1303
58. Chun JY, Sung SI, Ho YH, Kim JS, Park GY, Yoon SA, Ahn SY, Chang YS, Park WS.
Prophylactic versus Early Rescue Surfactant Treatment in Preterm Infants Born at less than
30 Weeks Gestation or with Birth Weight less than or equal 1,250 g. J Kor Med Sci
2017;32(8):1288-1294
59. Ahn SY, Chang YS (Co-first), Kim JH, Sung SI, Park WS. Two-year follow-up outcomes of
premature infants enrolled in the phase trial of mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for
bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 2017;185:49-54
60. Ma Y, Jang M, Yoo HS, Ahn SY, Sung SI, Chang YS, Ki C, Park WS. A Novel De Novo
Pathogenic Variant in FOXF1 in a Newborn with Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia with
Misalignment of Pulmonary Veins. Yonsei Med J 2017;58(3):672-675
61. Ko HR, Hwang I, Ahn SY, Chang YS, Park WS, Ahn J. Neuron-specific expression of p48
Ebp1 during murine brain development and its contribution to CNS axon regeneration. BMB
Reports 2017;50(3):126-131
62. Chang YS, Ahn SY, Sung SI, Park WS. Stem cell therapy for neonatal disorders: Prospects
and challenges. Yonsei Med J 2017;58(2):266-271
63. Park JH, Chang YS (Co-first), Sung SI, Ahn SY, Park WS. Trends in overall mortality, and
timing and cause of death among extremely preterm infants near the limit of viability. Plos
One 2017;12:e0170220
64. Park WS, Ahn SY, Sung SI, Ahn J, Chang YS (Corresponding). Mesenchymal stem cells:
Magic cure for intraventricular hemorrhage? Cell Transplant 2017;26(3):439-44865. Choi R, Park HD, Yang M, Ki CS, Lee SY, Kim JW, Song J, Chang YS, Park WS. Novel
Pathogenic variant (c.580C>T) in the CPS1 Gene in a Newborn With Carbamoyl Phosphate
Synthetase 1 Deficiency Identified by Whole Exome Sequencing. Annals of Laboratory
Medicine 2017;37:58-62
66. Ahn SY, Chang YS (Co-first), Sung DK, Sung SI, Ahn J, Park WS. Pivotal role of brain
derived neurotrophic factor secreted by mesenchymal stem cells in severe intraventricular
hemorrhage in the newborn rats. Cell Transplantation 2017;26:145-156
67. Yoon JM, Shin DH, Kim SJ, Ham D, Kang SW, Chang YS, Park WS. Outcomes after laser
versus combined laser and bevacizumab reatment for type 1 retinopathy of prematurity in
zone 1. Retina 2017;37:88-96